Formulae:
- If a pipe can fill a tank or cistern in x hours, then the part filled in 1 hour = 1/x.
- If a pipe can empty it in y hours, then the part emptied in 1 hour = 1/y.
- If a pipe can fill a tank in x hours and the other pipe takes to empty it in y hours, then an opening both the pipes, the total part filled in 1 hour = 1/x – 1/y. Here y>x.
- If a pipe can fill a tank in x hours and the other pipe takes to empty it in y hours, then an opening both the pipes, the total part emptied in 1 hour = 1/y – 1/x. Here x>y.

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